NOTES ON STEVEN BLEICHER'S CONTEMPORARY COLOR: THEORY & USE CHAPTER 6
Digital images are made up of pixels. Pixels are composed of light and are two-dimensional. In computer graphics, pixelation (or pixelation in British English) is caused by displaying a bitmap or a section of a bitmap at such a large size that individual pixels, small single-colored square display elements that comprise the bitmap, are visible. Such an image is said to be pixelated (pixelated in the UK). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelation
-Raster-based programs include Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, Sketchbook Pro, and GIMP. You can resize your files but making them larger may cause pixelation and distortion of the image. Raster images are best for illustrations and paintings that would not require them to be blown up in size.
-Vector graphics software allows users to design and manipulate computer images using geometric and mathematical commands, rather than clicks and strokes as used in drawing software. ... Vector graphics tools are often used to create high-definition illustrations for use on the web, in games, and other multimedia.
-The clean lines and discrete areas of color are characteristic features of vector-based programs. Ex. Nancy Stahl used the stamp motif in her Self-Promotional Item as a recognizable element since she has designed several nature-related stamps for the U.S. Postal Service.
-More specifically, a vector graphic is an artwork made up of points, lines, and curves that are based upon mathematical equations, rather than solid-colored square pixels. This means no matter the size or how far zoomed in the image is, the lines, curves, and points remain smooth.
-The RGB color model is an additive color model in which the red, green, and blue primary colors of light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.
-The main purpose of the RGB color model is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers, though it has also been used in conventional photography. Before the electronic age, the RGB color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in human perception of colors.
-RGB is a device-dependent color model: different devices detect or reproduce a given RGB value differently, since the color elements (such as phosphors or dyes) and their response to the individual red, green, and blue levels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, or even in the same device over time. Thus, an RGB value does not define the same color across devices without some kind of color management.
-Typical RGB input devices are color TV and video cameras, image scanners, and digital cameras. Typical RGB output devices are TV sets of various technologies (CRT, LCD, plasma, OLED, quantum dots, etc.), computer and mobile phone displays, video projectors, multicolor LED displays and large screens such as the Jumbotron. Color printers, on the other hand are not RGB devices, but subtractive color devices typically using the CMYK color model.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model
-A color picker, also called a color chooser or color tool, is a graphical user interface widget, usually found within graphics software or online, used to select colors and sometimes to create color schemes, used to select and adjust color values. In graphic design and image editing, users typically choose colors via an interface with a visual representation of a color—organized with quasi-perceptually-relevant hue, saturation, and lightness dimensions (HSL) – instead of keying in alphanumeric text values. Because color appearance depends on comparison of neighboring colors (see color vision), many interfaces attempt to clarify the relationships between colors. When the tool is engaged on a color to pick, the color may also be changed from the original one selected with it. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_picker
-Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on the World Wide Web, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. Colors may be specified as an RGB triplet or in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet) or according to their common English names in some cases. A color tool or other graphics software is often used to generate color values. In some uses, hexadecimal color codes are specified with notation using a leading number sign #. A color is specified according to the intensity of its red, green, and blue components, each represented by eight bits. Thus, there are 24 bits used to specify a web color within the sRGB gamut, and 16,777,216 colors that may be so specified.
-Colors outside the sRGB gamut can be specified in Cascading Style Sheets by making one or more of the red, green, and blue components negative or greater than 100%, so the color space is theoretically an unbounded extrapolation of sRGB like scRGB. Specifying a non-sRGB color this way requires the RGB function call. It is impossible with the hexadecimal syntax (and thus impossible in legacy HTML documents that do not use CSS). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors
-A color space is a specific organization of colors. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color -- whether such representation entails an analog or a digital representation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e., with physically realized colors assigned to a set of physical color swatches with corresponding assigned color names (including discrete numbers in for example, the Pantone collection), or structured with mathematical rigor (as with the NCS System, Adobe RGB and sRGB). A "color space" is a useful conceptual tool for understanding the color capabilities of a particular device or digital file. When trying to reproduce color on another device, color spaces can show whether you will be able to retain shadow/highlight detail, color saturation, and by how much either will be compromised.
-What are liquid crystals? We're used to the idea that a given substance can be in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas —we call them states of matter—and up until the late 19th century, scientists thought that was the end of the story. Then, in 1888, an Austrian chemist named Friedrich Reinitzer (1857–1927) discovered liquid crystals, which are another state entirely, somewhere in between liquids and solids. Liquid crystals might have lingered in obscurity but for the fact that they turned out to have some very useful properties.
-Solids are frozen lumps of matter that stay put all by themselves, often with their atoms packed in a neat, regular arrangement called a crystal (or crystalline lattice). Liquids lack the order of solids and, though they stay put if you keep them in a container, they flow relatively easily when you pour them out. Now imagine a substance with some of the order of a solid and some of the fluidity of a liquid. What you have is a liquid crystal—a kind of halfway house in between. At any given moment, liquid crystals can be in one of several possible "substates" (phases) somewhere in a limbo-land between solid and liquid. The two most important liquid crystal phases are called "nematic" and "smectic". www.explainthatstuff.com/lcdtv.html
-A PDP or plasma display panel is a type of flat panel display that uses small cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric fields. Plasma TVs were the first large (over 32 inches diagonal) flat panel displays to be released to the public.
-Until about 2007, plasma displays were commonly used in large televisions (30 inches (76 cm) and larger).
-Since then, they have lost nearly all market share due to competition from low-cost LCDs and more expensive but high-contrast OLED flat-panel displays. Manufacturing of plasma displays for the United States retail market ended in 2014, and manufacturing for the Chinese market ended in 2016. Plasma displays are obsolete, having been superseded in most if not all aspects by OLED displays. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display
-In digital imaging systems, color management (or colour management) is the controlled conversion between the color representations of various devices, such as image scanners, digital cameras, monitors, TV screens, film printers, computer printers, offset presses, and corresponding media.
-The primary goal of color management is to obtain a good match across color devices; for example, the colors of one frame of a video should appear the same on a computer LCD monitor, on a plasma TV screen, and as a printed poster. Color management helps to achieve the same appearance on all these devices, provided the devices can deliver the needed color intensities. With photography, it is often critical that prints or online galleries appear how they were intended. Color management cannot guarantee identical color reproduction, as this is rarely possible, but it can at least give more control over any changes which may occur.[1]
-Parts of this technology are implemented in the operating system (OS), helper libraries, the application, and devices. A cross-platform view of color management is the use of an ICC-compatible color management system. The International Color Consortium (ICC) is an industry consortium that has defined:
-An open standard for a Color Matching Module (CMM) at the OS level color profiles for:
--Devices, including devicelink-profiles that represent a complete color transformation from source device to target device
--Working spaces, the color spaces in which color data is meant to be manipulated. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management
-CCD Chip- A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.
-In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. These MOS capacitors, the basic building blocks of a CCD,[1] are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.
-Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data are required.
-In applications with less exacting quality demands, such as consumer and professional digital cameras, active pixel sensors, also known as CMOS sensors (complementary MOS sensors), are generally used. However, the large quality advantage CCDs enjoyed early on has narrowed over time and since the late 2010s CMOS sensors are the dominant technology, having largely if not completely replaced CCD image sensors. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_de…
-Digital data storage is essentially the recording of digital information in a storage medium, usually by electronic means. The storage device typically enables a user to store large amounts of data in a relatively small physical space and makes sharing that information with others easy. The device may be capable of holding the data either temporarily or permanently.
-Digital data storage devices have many uses. For example, computers usually rely upon information storage to function. Storage media can also be used to back up important information (storing digital data can involve durability and reliability issues, so making independent copies of information is normally a sensible precaution). Some storage devices are also portable, meaning that they can be used to transfer information from one computer to another.
-Digital data storage media generally fall into one of five categories: magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, flash memory devices, online/cloud storage, and paper storage.
turbofuture.com/computers/Examples-of-D…
-10 Digital Data Storage Devices for Computers
· Hard Drive Disks
· Floppy Disks
· Tapes
· Compact Discs (CDs)
· DVD and Blu-ray Discs
· USB Flash Drives
· Secure Digital Cards (SD Card)s
· Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
· Cloud Storage
· Punch Cards
-In offset printing, a spot color or solid color is any color generated by an ink (pure or mixed) that is printed using a single run, whereas a process color is produced by printing a series of dots of different colors.[1]
Spot color classification has led to thousands of discrete colors being given unique names or numbers. There are several industry standards in the classification of spot color systems, such as:
-Pantone, the dominant spot color printing system in the United States and Europe.
-Toyo, a common spot color system in Japan.
DIC Color System Guide, another spot color system common in Japan, is based on Munsell color theory.[2]
ANPA, a palette of 300 colors specified by the American Newspaper Publishers Association for spot color usage in newspapers.
GCMI, a standard for color used in package printing developed by the Glass Packaging Institute (formerly known as the Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, hence the abbreviation).
HKS is a color system which contains 120 spot colors and 3,250 tones for coated and uncoated paper. HKS is an abbreviation of three German color manufacturers: Hostmann-Steinberg Druckfarben, Kast + Ehinger Druckfarben and H. Schmincke & Co.
RAL is a color matching system used in Europe. The so-called RAL CLASSIC system is mainly used for varnish and powder coating.
Because each color system creates their own colors from scratch, spot colors from one system may be impossible to find within the library of another. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_color
-Printing is simply making a copy of text or images using a template. There is no single definition of production printing. That said, production printing is a step above a desktop printer or basic office copier. Production printing delivers higher-quality copies, larger print runs, and faster output.
-There are two types of production printing systems.
1. Monochrome production printing delivers high-quality black-and-white prints. It’s typically used for high-quantity print runs where costs can be lowered using the higher volume. Production printing delivers higher printing efficiency as well, with speeds as high as 250 pages per minute with minimal loss in quality. Companies often use monochrome production printing for user manuals, tests, text-based reports, and invoices. Scheduled print jobs, rather than quick-hit, one-off projects, are suited to monochrome production printing.
2. Color production printing delivers high-quality printed color materials. Color production systems typically offer sophisticated design and printing options, as well as the technology to reliably render a range of colors quickly. These systems are suited to smaller print runs to deliver targeted, high-quality content on demand. Businesses use color production printing for jobs like company reports, marketing collateral, booklets, photos, images, posters, and catalogs. These jobs often require exact color matching and printing accuracy, using Pantone colors, to reproduce the original template. www.dme.us.com/2018/11/27/printing-need…
-While there are many techniques for reproducing images in color, specific graphic processes and industrial equipment are used for mass reproduction of color images on paper. In this sense, color printing involves reproduction techniques suited for printing presses capable of thousands or millions of impressions for publishing newspapers and magazines, brochures, cards, posters, and similar mass-market items.
-In this type of industrial or commercial printing, the technique used to print full-color images, such as color photographs, is referred to as four-color-process or process printing. Four inks are used: three secondary colors plus black. These ink colors are cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black); abbreviated as CMYK
-A method of full-color printing is six-color process printing like Pantone's Hexachrome system, adds orange and green to the traditional CMYK inks for a larger and more vibrant gamut, or color range. However, such alternate color systems still rely on color separation, half-toning, and lithography to produce printed images. Six-color printing is widely used to increase the printability and so that to increase the production.
-An emerging method is extended gamut printing or 7 color printing, which adds three more colors such as green, orange and violet to extend the printability or gamut so that a wide range of Pantone colors also can be reproduced without changing the ink settings. This method is also called OGV printing. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_printing
-Giclée (pronounced “zhee-clays”) printing is used to make prints of original artworks. Giclée is a French term meaning “to spray” …These large format inkjet printers use small spraying devices that can both match color and apply ink precisely, giving artists a high-quality print of their original art. The giclée printing process allows images to be printed on canvas, silk, and a wide variety of fine art papers. But not all inkjet printers produce giclée prints. It all boils down to these four elements: resolution, ink, paper, and printer type.
-As far as ink and paper go, they must be high quality and “archival.” This is achieved by using archival pigment-based inks vs. dye-based, and printing on canvas, watercolor paper, or archival printing paper. Giclée printers are typically larger models able to hold up to 12 ink cartridges that produce a wider range of colors for duplicating artwork. www.artworkarchive.com/blog/everything-…
-A wire-frame model, also wireframe model, is a visual representation of a three-dimensional (3D) physical object used in 3D computer graphics. It is created by specifying each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices using (straight) lines or curves. The object is projected into screen space and rendered by drawing lines at the location of each edge. -The term "wire frame" comes from designers using metal wire to represent the three-dimensional shape of solid objects. 3D wire frame computer models allow for the construction and manipulation of solids and solid surfaces. 3D solid modeling efficiently draws higher quality representations of solids than conventional line drawing. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-frame_model
-The wire frame is then covered with a texture map, which contains the color and texture of the items. Texture mapping is a method for defining high frequency detail, surface texture, or color information on a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. The original technique was pioneered by Edwin Catmull in 1974.
-Texture mapping originally referred to diffuse mapping, a method that simply mapped pixels from a texture to a 3D surface ("wrapping" the image around the object). In recent decades, the advent of multi-pass rendering, multitexturing, mipmaps, and more complex mappings such as height mapping, bump mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, reflection mapping, specular mapping, occlusion mapping, and many other variations on the technique (controlled by a materials system) have made it possible to simulate near-photorealism in real time by vastly reducing the number of polygons and lighting calculations needed to construct a realistic and functional 3D scene. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping
-Computer-generated imagery, CGI, is the application of computer graphics to create or contribute to images in art, printed media, video games, simulators, computer animation and VFX in films, television programs, shorts, commercials, and videos. The images may be dynamic or static, and may be two-dimensional (2D), although the term "CGI" is most used to refer to the 3-D computer graphics used for creating characters, scenes and special effects in films and television, which is described as "CGI animation".
-The first feature film to make use of CGI was the 1973 movie Westworld. Other early films that incorporated CGI include Star Wars (1977), Tron (1982), The Last Starfighter (1984), Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), and Flight of the Navigator (1986).
-The first music video to use CGI was *Dire Straits' award-winning "Money for Nothing" *(1985), whose success was instrumental in giving the process mainstream exposure.
-The evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s, where the vision of the simulated camera is not constrained by the laws of physics. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed individual artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games, and fine art from their home computers.
-The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, which are now[when?] created with CGI. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generate…
-A radiance map is an image that represents the true illuminance values of a scene. Radiance map reconstruction further contains two separate steps:
-1) recovering the response curves for the three-color channels which map the pixel values to the log of exposure values, and
-2) mapping the observed pixel values and exposure times to radiance…The recovered response curves could then be used to compute the radiance map based on ln (radiance at the ith pixel) = g(ith pixel value in image j) - ln(exposure time of image j).
cs.brown.edu/courses/cs129/results/proj…
-NTSC is an abbreviation for National Television Standards Committee, named for the group that originally developed the black & white and subsequently color television system that is used in the United States, Japan and many other countries.
-The NTSC Color Space is an RGB color space that was introduced in 1953 by the FCC. The color space features a color gamut that is much wider than RGB. While this color space is not used in modern displays, it is commonly used to compare and specify color gamut coverage.
-The *NTSC Colors filter in Photoshop* is used to remove colors that are too saturated for broadcast. And Adobe Premiere Pro provides professional-quality color grading and color correction tools that allows for grade footage directly on the editing timeline.
-Color tools are available within a Lumetri Color workspace in Premiere Pro and permit color adjustment, contrast, and light in sequences. Move freely between editing and color grading without the need to export or launch a separate grading application. helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/using/colo…
web.mit.edu/6.813/www/sp18/classes/15-c…
